Essay on Plea Bargaining Assignment - 4461 Words

PLEA BARGAINING Plea Bargaining is the central feature of modern criminal justice system. It is also known as Pre-trial settlement, plea discussions, plea negotiations, resolution discussion etc. In its most traditional and general sense, â€Å"plea bargaining† refers to pre-trial negotiations between the defendant, usually conducted by the counsel and the prosecution, during which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions by the prosecutor. The concept of plea-bargaining is an alternative remedy to the long and tortuous process of trial in courts which has been introduced to ensure speedy disposal of cases and to reduce congestion in prisons. Plea bargaining is a contract with the state wherein the defendant†¦show more content†¦However, many of the courts disapproved of the practice of plea-bargaining because of its infringement on the defendants rights. Till the midst of 20th Century, most of the courts and scholars, all over the World, tended to ignore the importance of plea bargaining, and when discussions of the practice occurred, it usually was critical. A strong criticism against it was that plea bargaining is a lazy form of prosecution that resulted in undue leniency for offenders. However in later part, the significance of plea bargaining has improved to a larger extent and it became integral part of the criminal justice system. Law on plea bargaining has strong variations in Common Law Countries and European Continent. Guilty pleas have been regarded as a sufficient basis for conviction from the earliest days of the common law. In treating a guilty plea as conclusive, common law nations depart from the law of most nations on the European Continent. In serious cases, these nations do not treat any form of confession as an adequate basis for dispensing with the trial, even if trials are likely to be simpler and to focus mostly on sentencing issues when accused do not contest their guilt. A study indicates, the history of plea bargaining has only a recent origin. The criminal justice system long has been rewarded someShow MoreRelatedPlea Bargaining834 Words   |  4 PagesPlea Bargaining University of Phoenix CJA/373 – Criminal Court Systems Mario D’Adamo Week Four - Individual Assignment July 14, 2010 Plea Bargaining Introduction Much of the criticism leveled at the legal system in general and the criminal justice system in particular is well-deserved, but one feature of the criminal justice system poorly understood and thus unfairly judged by both the public and the media, is the process of plea bargaining. Because criminal defendants have no incentiveRead MoreCriminal Justice: The Plea of Nolo Contendere1064 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice The principle reason that a defendant may choose to utilize a plea of nolo contendere as opposed to a not guilty plea is because the former option is not an admission of guilt. The ramifications of this fact are manifold, and can play an important part in future litigation involving the defendant. 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Comparing Nietzsche s The Of The Farmer And The Blond...

To begin, Nietzsche starts with the story of the Farmer and the Blond beasts. It leads with a normal farming town, sufficiently living quietly on its own. At this point, you may enter the Blond beasts. These are the new, stronger, ‘better’ humans. They insert themselves into the lives of the farmers and immediately take control. Being weaker, the farmers have no choice but to bow down and obey. This new regime looks down upon the ‘slaves’ and decide that they themselves must be the good kind of humans- after all, they are more powerful. These slaves are pitiful, weak, and unable to protect themselves, therefore they must aspire to be like the masters, right? While this idea of being better is developing within the masters, the slaves are brooding over their own forming judgments. They reminisce over the life that once was- before the beasts. At this point, all the slaves know is that these powerful beings have ruined their lives and turned them into desolate beings. This feeling is what breeds this heady combination of envy, hatred, and powerlessness. In this position, the only thing the slaves are able to do is to imagine the demise of these masters. The slaves come to the realization that, even though the masters believe them to be the ‘good’ ones, they are in fact the ones perpetuating this oppression, therefore they must be the bad, or evil, ones. Here is where we see the development of Nietzsche’s two types of morality- master morality and slave morality. Master

Musical Performance Free Essays

The history of music predates the written word and is tied to the development of each unique human culture. Music has been used as meditational music since the very dawn of civilization, because it balances the human organism through its rhythmic pattern of tones, which are generated in a harmonic relationship with each other. Mantras originated in the Vedic religion of India, later becoming an essential part of the Hindu tradition and a customary practice within Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian music and mantras bring us back in to the physical world every day.   Most of the indian songs were written by   saints for devotion and meditation. This music was created in order to give people better feelings. Not long ago I visited the concert of a not very famous group â€Å"Atmosphere†. It consisted of two women who chanted mantras and three men who played some instruments. Those instruments included pakhawaj , violin, flute. The most exotic of those instruments were pakhawaj and flute. Pakhawaj   is a long bodied wooden drum with both ends covered in skin. Played horizontally with the fingers and palms of both hands, the right hand surface is tuned to the pitch required and the left hand surface provides the base. Flute, carved from bamboo, is made in every possible size. It is usually played in a vertical position. The combination of the sounds made by those instruments was excellent. The music they played was composed by the members of those group. They took the text of a famous Indian mantras and   composed   a modern joyful music for chanting it. Actually, when they were singing and playing they were meditating themselves. Moreover, a lot of people sitting in the hall were meditating too. While singing the women were dancing. There were no special costumes, except an embroidered Indian shirts. Of course they were influenced by some chanters of mantras, but intheir group they expressed their individualities. To tell the truth, I liked the style of their performance greatly. I think it was a good idea to combine mantras with a modern music. References â€Å"Atmosphere: Music Group†. (2006). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/topic/atmosphere-music-group    How to cite Musical Performance, Essay examples

Natriuretic Peptide in Cardiovascular Biology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Natriuretic Peptide in Cardiovascular Biology. Answer: Introduction: The establishment of (NHPA) national health priority area is done in response to the Global strategy of the world health organization (Wells 2007). It is a collaborative activity of territory and state government and common wealth, health experts, non-government organization and consumers and clinicians. Between 1996 and 2012, there were 9 NHPA that are agreed by an advisory council of The Australian Health ministry. Cancer control Cardiovascular health Injury prevention and control Mental health Diabetes mellitus Asthma Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions Obesity Dementia This report will study the cardiovascular health as the national health priority area. The cardiovascular health the national health priority area as CVD is the major cause of the premature deaths as well as overall mortality in Australia (Wells 2007). The economic burden and cost associated with the cardiovascular diseases are more than any other type of the disease. The cardiovascular health can be improved by the reducing the coronary heart diseases and reducing its impact on the human health. Cardiovascular diseases have a major impact on the Australian population in illness burden term and cost burden on the economy (Wells 2007). All over the world, the people are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases because of the prevalence of the risk factors such as high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, increased cholesterol level, obesity and little exercise. Priority consideration Data In 1994, there were 54,888 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases or 43.3% deaths in Australia (Carmona 2006). The coronary heart disease was the major cause of these deaths in addition to this, the rate of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke surplus 10.1% to all deaths. There was also 2.3% deaths due to heart failure and 1.7% by the peripheral vascular disease. (Carmona 2006) According to estimation, in 1991-92, there were 289500 hospital discharges that were followed by the admission for the non-fatal cardiovascular disease episodes (Carmona 2006). From them, 36% cases are of coronary heart disease, 13% are because of stroke and 11% because of the heart failure (Carmona 2006). According to one another estimation, in 1991-1992, 14700 males and near about 4900 females that have age between 25-69 years were suffering from the heart attacks and the non-fatal heart attacks numbers in 1991-1992 was 2800 for females and 8500 are for the females. Roughly 76% is the 1st heart attacks (Trupp 2005). The data collected from the stroke study indicated that each year, in Australia, there was the occurrence of 37000 strokes. In 1989-1990, the rate of the annual event of strokes was 190 males/100000 and 109 females/100000 (Trupp 2005). The cost of the cardiovascular disease for the total health care was about 2.5 billion dollars that included 1.1 billion dollar for in-patient costs, about 0.5 billion dollars for the costs of nursing home, about 0.4 billion dollars for the medical services, about 0.4 billion for the pharmaceuticals and 35 million dollars for the health professional services (Song, Wang and Wu 2015). In Australia, significant health differentials exist in cardiovascular diseases, the death rate is more in male as compared to females from the cardiovascular diseases. This statement is true for the most of the age groups but, these differentials decrease as the age is increased (Song, Wang and Wu 2015). The indigenous people are the population group that has higher death rate due to cardiovascular diseases as compared to the others. Higher socioeconomic people are less vulnerable to the CVD diseases as compared to the lower socioeconomic status people. People those are born in Australia are more prone to CVD than the people those are a resident of Australia but born overseas (Song, Wang and Wu 2015). Improvement of health by reduction of impacted factors To improve the health of the people by overcoming the national health priority area of cardiovascular diseases and deaths that are caused by these diseases, there should be minimization of the causes of the cardiovascular disease death that are coronary heart diseases, smoking, high cholesterol level, diet, high blood pressure, overweight and less physical activity of the adults (Wurie and Cappuccio 2012). In Australia, Coronary heart disease is the main cause of the mortality of the cardiovascular disease. In 1994, about 30000 women and men were died due to the coronary heart disease. However, from the last 1960, the death rate due to the coronary heart disease is declining (Wurie and Cappuccio 2012) . To meet the requirements set a target for 2000, for the coronary heart disease, death rates will require decreasing by 5.8%/annum (Wurie and Cappuccio 2012). The target is seemed to be achieved on the current trends. For the Aboriginal person and Torres Strait Islander person, the leading cause is the coronary heart disease of deaths that is much higher than the death rates of the Australian people. In Australia, approximately, every third man and every fourth woman smoke regularly. Although, in the recent years, there was a decline in the smoking rate among men and women in Australia, the target of reducing smokers about 20% by 2000, is less likely to be achieved (Wurie and Cappuccio 2012). Between the years, 1989-1995, there had been a minor reduction in the adult proportion that does not participate in the physical activity regularly (Myers and Mendis 2014). But the reduction rate should need to be much higher if there is the target of 25% adult with 18 years age and over is to be achieved by 2000 (Myers and Mendis 2014). In Australia, the people get 1/3 of their energy from the fat consumption. In recent years, there is no alteration in this proportion, but there is need to do an alteration to reduce the 32% of energy content from fat (Myers and Mendis 2014). In 1989, 15% of the men and 15.4% women between the ages 20-69 years had the problem of the blood cholesterol level higher than or equal to 6.5 mmol/L. The target is to reduce this level to 12% (Myers and Mendis 2014). In 1994-1995, approximately every second men and every third woman were overweight and there is a continuous increase in the population having the problem of overweight (Adhikari 2012). But there is a target to reduce the overweight population men to 40% and women to 40% that is difficult to achieve (Adhikari 2012). We super-sizing the ambulances The problem of obesity forced the ambulance in Victoria to purchase a modern heavy-duty vehicle because airlines and schools are giving orders for the wider seats. Even our funeral parlors are enlarging their crematoriums (Adhikari 2012). Victoria had expended about 1.4 million dollars on the new ambulances for the overweight patients that have a weight higher than 159 kg. Victoria has also ordered 4 more vehicles of 350000 dollars that are Mercedes based on custom-built those start servicing from the month of April. They will able to transport the patients having weight up to three hundred fifty kilograms (Adhikari 2012). The group manager of the ambulance Victoria said that these heavy duty vehicles are must now a day. For the sake of the patient, hospital, these are necessary as, before three or five years, the ambulance is unable to transport the patients safely. Obviously, the hospital has to keep these patients dignity, most of them, not able to lie down as they feel breathless because of their overweight (Adhikari 2012). Each of the customized ambulances has a 500 kg hydraulic lift, a stretcher that is able to carry up about 450 kg weights, a wheelchair that has the capability of carrying about 295 kg weight (Adhikari 2012). Dr. John Tickell said that there are 80% of the obese people are those can manage their weight but they are not cautioned about the health problems that are related to the overweight (Chum and OCampo 2013). Five years before, the Alfred hospital provided the treatment to the 15 patients only with the overweight problem but now it has catered with the reinforced bed for 50 patients, CT scanners, and toilets, as well as to visit the house-bounding patients, they have a bariatric team. In the year, 1989, 13% men and 6% women had the problem of the high blood pressure. There is a target for the achievement of reduction of this problem 8% in men and 5% in women, but till 2000, there was no progress on this target (Chum and OCampo 2013). Although in Australia and in the whole universe, there is an encouragement for the declination of the death rates due to the coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular diseases, NHPA targets for the recent years is not able to achieve if the recent trends will not be reduced according to the targets (Chum and OCampo 2013). The cardiovascular diseases death rate increases as the person being obese. In recent years, obesity is the major cause of the cardiovascular diseases because it increases the chances of CVD. There is a case study that explained that there is continuously increase in the number of overweight persons. Conclusion From the above discussion of national priority on the cardiovascular health, it is cleared that the CVD is the major cause of the deaths in Australia and they cause major economic burden and cost on the country. There are numerous data that shows its priority as national health priority area. The major cause for the CVD are the coronary heart diseases, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol level, the lesser physical activity of the adults (Pilgrim, Dorward and Drummer 2016). The prevalence of CVD is more in men as compared to women between 18- 69 ages. So, for the management of the CVD, above factors should be maintained that supports the improvement of the cardiovascular health. References Adhikari, Tara Ballav. 2012. "Adolescent Health; A Must Priority".Health Prospect10 (0). doi:10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5668. Carmona, Richard H. 2006. "Health Literacy: A National Priority".Journal Of General Internal Medicine21 (8): 803-803. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00569.x. Chum, Antony, and Patricia OCampo. 2013. "Contextual Determinants Of Cardiovascular Diseases: Overcoming The Residential Trap By Accounting For Non-Residential Context And Duration Of Exposure".Health Place24: 73-79. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.07.007. Myers, Laura, and Shanthi Mendis. 2014. "Cardiovascular Disease Research Output In WHO Priority Areas Between 2002 And 2011".Journal Of Epidemiology And Global Health4 (1): 23-28. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2013.09.007. Pilgrim, Jennifer L., Rhyse Dorward, and Olaf H. Drummer. 2016. "Drug-Caused Deaths In Australian Medical Practitioners And Health-Care Professionals".Addiction112 (3): 486-493. doi:10.1111/add.13619. Song, Wei, Hao Wang, and Qingyu Wu. 2015. "Atrial Natriuretic Peptide In Cardiovascular Biology And Disease (NPPA)".Gene569 (1): 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.029. Trupp, Robin. 2005. "It's Time To Make Women's Cardiovascular Health A Priority".The Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing20 (6): 373. doi:10.1097/00005082-200511000-00002. Wells, John. 2007. "The Public And Professional Interface With Priority Setting In The National Health Service".Health Social Care In The Community4 (5): 255-263. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.1996.tb00071.x. Wurie, Haja R., and Francesco P. Cappuccio. 2012. "Cardiovascular Disease In Low- And Middle-Income Countries: An Urgent Priority".Ethnicity Health17 (6): 543-550. doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.778642.